Requirements for Taking Applications Beyond the Enterprise

Graeme Port
Clifford Heath
Phillip Merrick
Tim Segall

Abstract

This paper presents the main facilities that are required or highly desirable for organizations to be able to use the Web to deploy their applications beyond the enterprise. Some of these facilities have not been getting sufficient attention from the Web community. We highlight a number of important issues in relation to these facilities. In many cases, these facilities are well understood by the User Interface Management System vendors who have developed specialized front-end systems for the development of internal corporate applications. We believe that these systems will play an important role in the deployment of Web applications.

Introduction

This paper presents what we see as the major facilities (in terms of service infrastructure and application development tools) that are required or highly desirable for the deployment of these applications.

The following facilities are required:

• Full-function graphical user interface: For usable complex applications to be deployed, the full range of graphic controls are required, running across all major GUI platforms.
• Structured data interfaces: Data provided by a server must be structured so that the client can extract the relevant information for presentation to the user.
• Mobile Code: A programming language is required for client-side processing including dialog management, validation, and packing and unpacking data between the user interface and the structured data interface.
• Security: Security covers mechanisms for ensuring privacy, authentication, integrity, and implementation of trust policies. These areas are receiving considerable attention among Web developers.
• Transaction integrity: Submitted transactions will be processed as whole units of work, and server-side processing will always maintain consistency in the application database(s).

• Connection-oriented sessions: Some applications use detailed context captured in the state of the server process. Servers like this must remain connected to the client for the duration of the session. Although stateless services are becoming more common, client/server computing is still widely used and remains mainly connection-oriented.
• Same tool for internal and external development: Corporate IT departments will want to use one tool for both internal and external applications.
• Graphical application builder tool: Application development is much easier with a function-rich graphical builder.
• Application internationalization support: Many global companies will deploy their applications in multiple languages.

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This paper presents in considerable depth the major issues related to the facilities listed above. But first we describe a real-world example to help highlight the particular concerns in the business community to the development of WTW applications.

A Real-world Example

The architecture manager states the specific requirements as:

"It needs to be as easy to access and use as the average Web page, but with all the GUI facilities, power and front-end validation possible in any installed stand-alone program. We'd also prefer to be able to develop just one version of the application to support both our own operators and our customers, even though they have different access and usability requirements."

1. The user has been browsing the company's Web page and decides to place an order so they select Order Entry, which is a link to the order application viewer program.
2. The browser checks that the requisite support objects are already present to allow the application viewer to run, such as other mobile code objects or a generic application viewer. If not already present, these items are downloaded from a well-known FTP site and automatically configured.
3. The application viewer starts by making a network connection to an application server program running on the corporate Web server machine outside the corporate network.
4. The application server program makes an appropriate "pass through" network connection to an internal application server running on one of the internal corporate machines.
5. The application presents its main window and is now ready for the user to run.

The application viewer itself might be:

• A machine-specific custom program
• A large module of mobile code supported by the Web browser
• A code module for a generic application viewer external to the browser

However, most application viewers (by number) will be modules of mobile code in one of the latter two classes. As we will see, some existing client/server cross-GUI UIMSs provide all the features required for client-side processing and can be used as the basis for generic application viewers.

Full-function GUI

In contrast, HTML Forms provide access to just a limited subset of these controls, and the only arrangements possible are static aggregations of the simplest kind. The basic model is along the lines of "fill out the form and press the submit key", a regression to the mainframe block-mode display terminal interfaces of old.

To be successful, WTW applications need to support the full range of user interface controls currently available in stand-alone applications.

One of the most important features required for a full-function GUI on the WTW is cross-GUI support. Users may have a variety of GUI environments, including Microsoft Windows, Apple Macintosh, OSF Motif, and OS/2 Presentation Manager. On each GUI platform, the application must look and feel like an application built specifically for that platform. The challenge here is to develop a framework for specifying user interfaces generically, while dealing with the differences between the GUI standards. A "lowest common denominator"--supporting only those facilities common to all GUI standards--can only be used to construct very simple user interfaces.

The frameworks of some existing cross-GUI UIMSs allow the presentation of GUI-independent user interfaces on a wide range of platforms.

Structured Data Interfaces

WTW servers will need to present data in a manner that is easily parsed by the client software and relatively stable when changed. There are a number of ways this could be done with differing advantages and complexity. For example, the data could be presented:

• as a list of tag = value pairs, where each value could be a simple data type, an array of values or a record of tag = value pairs. This format is easy to parse, and some changes can be accommodated by adding and deleting tags, or
• in binary form encoded according to an ASN.1-type specification.

For WTW applications to talk to a wide range of servers, a common structured data interface language and protocol must be adopted to play the equivalent role to HTML in the WWW. For the internal application server, it is much easier to communicate via a structured data interface than HTML. Many CGI programs are simply there to put an HTML wrapper around a few important data items contained in an HTML page. A WTW server will present the structured data directly.

The same structured data interface could be used by the client when it transfers data to the server, as is already done with the HTML Forms interface.

The database vendors are offering to provide HTML gateways to their databases in an attempt to increase the demand for database services. Unfortunately, giving end users direct access to flat, normalized tables in relational databases has not been a resounding success, as was amply demonstrated to the same vendors a decade ago. A much better approach is for the data from these databases to be presented through a structured data interface so that the WTW application can present the information in an appropriate way to the user.

Mobile Code

• provides a convenient mechanism for carrying out localized UI processing such as complex data validation
• can be used to manage the dialog between the user and the application
• provides a framework for packing and unpacking data from the structured data interface
• offloads this processing from the server machines

The commonly understood form of mobile code is typified by the Java language [4], and is usually considered as integrated into the Web browser. A code module for a generic application viewer external to the Web browser is also a form of mobile code.

There are existing UIMSs that store their user interface definitions--including associated mobile code--in machine-independent format. Downloading these definitions gives an effective mobile code deployment mechanism.

Security

SSL provides protection of privacy, data integrity and server authentication, but until suitable tools for certificate management and the implementation of trust policies are standardized, client authentication is left without adequate support. Nonetheless, security is a problem receiving a lot of attention from the WWW community that will, in all likelihood, be progressively solved over the next twelve months.

Transaction Integrity

• Atomicity: Transactions are processed as a single, atomic unit of work, irrespective of the number of updates they comprise.
• Consistency: The effect of processing a transaction takes the application database(s) from one consistent state directly to another (different) consistent state.
• Isolation: Each transaction proceeds independently of other transactions.
• Durability: The effects of each transaction on the application database(s) are persistent.

The distributed computing community has already developed standards (for example, X/Open DTP Model and Standards, and CORBA2) and products (for example, Encina, Tuxedo, and Orbix) that address transaction integrity across internal corporate networks. It is unrealistic to expect every machine connected to the Internet to be equipped with the runtime libraries of all of these products. Instead what is needed is a lightweight and universal means of extending their protective umbrella out across the Internet.

UIMSs have shown their ability to integrate with these products and standards.

Highly Desirable Facilities

Connection-oriented sessions

There is a significant class of applications, however, for which the request/response model is unsuitable. These applications are connection-oriented, and often follow the client/server model. Most interactive applications fall into this category. For these applications it makes sense to keep a connection open for the duration of the session. An added benefit is the elimination of the overhead of setting up a connection and initializing the server process for each exchange of data.

A closely related issue concerns the limitations of HTTP and CGI to represent the state of an application. This has prompted the development of mechanisms like Persistent Client State HTTP Cookies [1]. These allow the server to store state information in a client, which then sends this state with each request to the server.

Storing state is one way of allowing a virtual connection to be maintained, even if several physical connections have to be opened and closed.

Same tool for internal and external development

We can anticipate a need for a single technology that meets the requirements for both internal and external application deployment.

The WTW requirements closely match those of a client/server cross-GUI UIMS tool, implying that such a tool may be the best candidate for unifying internal and external development. Such an approach is certain to find more acceptance than attempting to use a browser-embedded mobile code interface for internal applications.

Graphical application-builder tool

Application internationalization support

A subtle problem with internationalization is that translated text is often different in length from the original. For example, German text is, on average, 30% longer than its English equivalent. If pixel-based geometry is used, the alignment of text and fields is spoilt by the translation.

At least one UIMS has solved this problem by arranging the UI elements into a "logical grid", where UI objects manage their positioning in relation to one another by occupying cells in the grid. This gives a highly portable mechanism for geometry management.

Conclusion

Required facilities: full-function graphical user interface, structured data interfaces, mobile code, security, and transaction integrity.

Highly desirable facilities: connection-oriented sessions, same tool for internal and external development, graphical application builder tool, and application internationalization support.

A number of these facilities are well met by existing client/server cross-GUI UIMSs already being used for internal application development. We predict that these systems will play a major role in the development of the WTW and taking applications beyond the enterprise.

References

2. Richard Dratva, WWW-based Home Banking in Switzerland: A Case Study, Proceedings of the 2nd WWW Conference '94: Mosaic and the Web, October 1994. http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/IT94/Proceedings/ComEc/dratva/dratva.html

3. The Forrester Report: CIO Meets Internet, May 1995, Forrester Research Inc., Cambridge MA.

4. The Java Project, Sun Microsystems, Inc., 1995. http://java.sun.com/

5. The SSL Protocol, Draft Specification, Netscape Communications Corp., February 1995. http://www.netscape.com/newsref/std/SSL.html

6. OpenUI Technical Overview, Open Software Associates, Ringwood, Australia, November 1993.

7. E. Riscorla and A. Schiffman, The Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol, Internet Draft, December 1994. http://www.eit.com/projects/s-http/shttp.txt

About the Authors

Clifford Heath
Open Software Associates,
29 Ringwood Street,
Ringwood 3134 Victoria,
Australia
<cjh@osa.com.au>

Phillip Merrick
Open Software Associates,
29 Ringwood Street,
Ringwood 3134 Victoria,
Australia
<phjm@osa.com.au>

Tim Segall
Open Software Associates, Inc,
20 Trafalgar Square, Fifth floor
Nashua NH 03063
USA
<tim@osa.com>